The role of His Highness Shiekh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nhayan in the Essay

The role of His Highness Shiekh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nhayan in the formation of the UAE - Essay Example While the cities are growing at a rapid pace, the economies are also boosting, resulting in employment and social prospects for the people. Amongst the developed nations of today’s world, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of it. United Arab Emirates is a legitimate alliance that came into formulation in the last quarter of 1971, consists of seven emirates that are â€Å"Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Qaiwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Fujairah† (Miller, pp. 35-79, 2004). UAE is located in Southwest Asia and its border connects with Qatar to its west side, Oman lies to its north and east and Saudi Arabia is at its south and west part. Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Iran connect the sea boundary with UAE (Miller, pp. 35-79, 2004). Abu Dhabi is considerably the biggest city of the federation amongst all the other emirates and is the capital of United Arab Emirates, which is the focal point of political and industrial functioning. Ajman is the smallest emirate of UAE and su bsumes the nominal area of the whole. A mixture of topography is present in UAE. More than half of the entire area of it is a barren region and desert, nevertheless, this country comes under the category of one of the most urbanized, developed and beautiful places in the world. Distinct and divergent sceneries, overwhelming sandbanks, rich oases, sheer and steep rock-strewn mountains and fruitful prairie are all geographical factors that highlight the beauty of UAE (Miller, pp. 35-79, 2004). UAE is a state, which has made the use of the modern technologies to its fullest and has included its name in one of the world’s fastest growing states. UAE not only worked on expansion of the emirate but it paid scores of attention in developing its tourism due to its classy infrastructure, thus, putting efforts on building numerous shopping malls, high-class hotels and restaurants and holiday resorts. With its widespread and beautiful sandy beaches, diverse sceneries, deserts, diverse s ports activities, shopping, resorts and captivating customary traditional culture makes UAE a perfect and an ideal place for a holiday. Since bygone eras, geological location is of utmost importance as it makes UAE easily accessible to different parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. Indian Ocean has a brawny weight on the climatic conditions of UAE due to the reason that it touches the borders of Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, therefore, the atmospheric conditions of UAE comes under the dry, scorched, and parched tropical zone. Due to this reason, UAE experiences intense warmth and heat that comes with humidity in the summer seasons particularly in the coastal areas. The temperature deviations between the coastal regions, deserts, and hilly areas observe a clear and visible pattern. The nights of UAE to some extent are chilly than that of the daytime weather (Rashid & Nel, pp. 25-55, 2001). Despite of the fact that UAE is a country that has a president and has come into formation, it e ncompasses neither a lawful kingdom or absolute monarchy, nor a democracy. It comprises of seven separate kingdoms, which comes under governance by seven different authorities, each having its own supremacy and domination. Though the rulers of all the federations select a president, the ultimate power remains in the hands of these monarchs called emirs/sheikhs. A constitution of UAE do not guide the emirs as to

Problem Answer to Law of Evidence Question

Problem Answer to Law of Evidence Question In this coursework I have paid particular attention on the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999(YJCEA) , Criminal Justice Act 2003 , Code D of PACE 1984 Code of Practice and cases such as Turnbull [1977] , R v Hanson [2005] , R v Vye [1993] and other relevant cases in order to solve this problem question based on criminal proceedings and interpret the statutes , the general rule and exceptions of hearsay evidence ,apply the case laws and critically evaluate and analyses them. In this given set of facts we need to discuss and apply the legal rules of evidence in the context of criminal proceedings specifically witness competence compellability, good character bad character, general rules of hearsay evidence and its exceptions with the proper application of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 ( YJCEA) and Criminal Justice Act 2003 and relevant cases , journals , articles . According to the facts Thomas is only 11 years old who saw two men putting electrical equipment into the boot of a white van. He along with Harry Jones identified Adam King as one of the men they saw at a video identification procedure .Now we need to focus on mainly whether Thomas is really competent to give evidence and even if he can, what type of evidence he will provide .As a child under 14 Thomas must give unsworn evidence.[1] In this essence the test for sworn testimony is set out in R v Hayes[2] which is unnecessary in this scenario .However, in R v MacPherson[3] the Court of Appeal held that a 5 years old child is competent in giving witness .Moreover, the evidence of children under 14 is to be given unsworn and that a child’s evidence must be revived unless it appears to the court that the child is incapable of understanding questions put to him and unable to give answers which can be understood.[4]The court must decide not whether he is competent on grounds of age b ut whether he is capable of giving intelligible evidence .It is submitted that a normal 11 years old child would be .The witnesses credibility and reliability are relevant to the weight to be given to his evidence and might well from the basis of a submission of no case to answer but they are not relevant to competence [5] . In delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal in R v Sed[6] Auld LJ pointed out that section 53 does not expressly provide for 100% comprehension and in this case the Court of Appeal was much influenced by the earlier decision in R v D .[7]Allowance should be made on the witness’s performance .In this fact it may vary according to the subject matter of the questions, on the length of time between the events referred to by the witness and the date of the questioning and on any strong feelings that those events may have caused [8] as to whether Thomas is really competent to give evidence or not .Moreover according to the statute there is no minimum age for children’s to give evidence.[9] In this fact, Thomas’s parents informed the CPS that Thomas is nervous about giving evidence in court .In relation with this there is a possibility to use of Special Measures like to use screens[10], live link [11] , video recorded evidence in chief [12] , evidence to be given in private [13] by the prosecution.In this case the court can interview the child witness[14] and it could be a video interview if necessary [15] .It may be considered that Thomas might encounter special difficulty in testifying .Under section 16 (1) (b) and section 16 (2) of the YJCEA 1999[16] may give evidence by means such as live video link or pre – recording . In R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green Youth Court [17] the Divisional Court held that special measures provisions , here involving children , were compatible with article 6 ( 3 ) ( a ) of European Convention of Human Rights [18] which embodies the defendant’s right ‘ to examine or have examined witnesses again st him’ .As person under 18 Thomas may also be eligible for special Measures Directions .Under section 21 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Youth Justice Act and Criminal Evidence Act 1999(YJCEA)[19] as amended by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 , the primary rule in requiring admission of a video interview as examination in chief and cross examination through a live link or video link [20]at trial , applies to all witnesses under 18 , regardless of the nature of the offence . However , under section 21 if the court determines that under the primary rule special measures would minimize the quality of the witness’s evidence then court can consider a screen which will be open for Thomas to elect to give oral evidence in chief or testify in the courtroom rather than using the live link or pre recorded police video [21].Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors [22].Although Thomas is not in an age where he might be expected to be able to give live testim ony as he is nervous in giving evidence in court according to the facts but he may be accompanied by an adult to provide support for example his mother who have no personal involvement in this case . Now we need to assess the admissibility of the identification evidence against George Smith .It mainly deals with Code D of PACE 1984 Codes of Practice.[23]Breaches of Code D sometimes can result in the exclusion of identification evidence under s.78 (1) of PACE. Because failure to comply with the provision in CODE D can affect the reliability of the evidence and reliability is an important consideration in the application of s.78(1).An important case on the consequences of non-compliance with the provisions of Code D is R vGorja (Ranjit)[24].Moreover if Code D do not justify the exclusion of identification evidence, they may require appropriate warnings to be given to the jury [25] .In order to avoid mistaken identification of a defendant by prosecution witnesses the Court of Appeal recommended a new approach by trial judges to deal with the problems of identification in Turnbull[26].The directions in this case only apply whenever the prosecution case depends ‘wholly or substa ntially ’on the correctness of one or more identifications of the defendant, and the defence alleges that the identifying witnesses are mistaken and in this case the prosecution substantially depends on the correctness on the identification of George. According to Shand v The Queen[27] the prosecution may argue that the Turnbull direction must be given where identification is based on recognition. Moreover, one witness Thomas already mistaken to identify George [28].But sometimes Turnbull is not required when a witness failed to recognize the suspect [29] and Thomas failed to recognize George.[30]In R v Forbes[31] it was held that the breach of Code D did not require the evidence to be excluded under section 78 of PACE. However , in this fact , Thomas failed to identify George[32].Moreover , George denied that he was involved in burglary[33].It could be argue that the identification procedure under Code D paragraph 3.12 is not necessary in this fact .In R v Turnbull[34] ,the Court of Appeal (CA) laid down guidelines for the treatment of the identification evidence where the case depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of the identifications. The guidelines make it clear that the judge should remind the jury of any weakness in the identification evidence and that the judge should withdraw the case from the jury unless there is any other evidence which will support the identification evidence and in this fact there is another witness named Harry who confirmed and recognized George[35] .In this fact it is highly likely that the prosecution will be able to argue that identification of evidence against George Smith is admissible. The next issues to be consider Adam King’s previous convictions for assault, robbery and burglary . Evidence of a witness’s bad character did not have to amount to proof of a lack of credibility on the part of the witness.[36] This question is concern with rules relating to the admissibility of defendants bad character and also the fairness of the changes made by CJA 2003. In this regard the Law Commission reports on bad character in 2002.[37] The common law recognized the way in which evidence of character could be relevant. It could make allegations against a defendant more likely be true but the trial should not be used to investigate the truth of a previous allegation. [38]Sec-101 of CJA 2003 states that in criminal proceedings evidence of defendants bad character is admissible if one of the factors from sub-section 101(1) (a)-101(1)(g) is satisfied [39].In this regard we need to consider the three fold test in R v Hanson[40]which is laid down by the Court of Appeal . In this case the propensity[41] to commit the offence is relied on as the basis for admitting evidence of a defendant’s bad character.[42] The prosecution now may argue that his previous convictions is relevant to an important matter in this trial[43] .But previous convictions for offences of the same description or category does not automatically mean that they should be admitted[44].Adam King’s bad character might be admissible by the courts as the defendant has a propensity to committee offences of this kind because a single previous conviction can be sufficient to establish propensity[45] .Moreover in Isichei[46]where the defendant’s propensity[47] to supply cocaine was relevant to the issue of identification. In this issue we need to discuss as to how should the judge direct the jury about George Smith’s character .In this fact George Smith already denied that he have any involvement in the burglary and he don’t even have any previous conviction .Similarly in R v Aziz[48] the house of Lords held that a person with no previous convictions was generally to be treated as being of good character[49] and in this fact it could argue that George have good character .Whenever a evidence of good character is given , its significance must be explained to the Jury .The Court of Appeal laid down two limbs in R v Vye[50]. In this fact it could easily argue that the judge will direct the jury based on the Vye direction about George’s character.However , there were some problems in Vye direction like if someone plead guilty in any other county then he is no longer of good character but in this fact it is already apparent that George don’t have any previous conviction .Moreove r ,in R v M (CP)[51] it was held that once the judge decided that the defendant should be treated as a person of good character then the full Vye direction on good character should be given as it is a matter of law .The prima facie rule of practice is to deal with this by giving a qualified Vye direction rather than no direction at all.[52] According to R v Doncaster[53] it can easily argue that if the defendant has no previous conviction but bad character evidence is given under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 then a modified direction should be given .From the above discussion it can easily argue that the judge in this scenario should direct the jury about George Smith’s character with Vye direction because it is the prima facie rule or practice.[54] Now we need to discuss the issue as to whether the persecution will be permitted to adduce the written statement[55] of Harry who is moving to New Zealand .From this issue it is apparent that we need to consider the statement as hearsay evidence which is defined as a statement made outside off the court with the purpose of showing that the statement is true.[56]But generally in criminal cases hearsay is inadmissible which is also affirmed by Lord Normand in Teper v R [57].Moreover in Myers v DPP[58] it was held that a contemporaneous record made by workers in a motor car factory of cylinder block and chassis numbers was held to be inadmissible hearsay.In this fact , we need to focus if the prosecution made a written statement from Harry then whether it will be admissible[59].In this scenario , Harry was outside of UK[60] and in relating with these sort of issue the Law Commission introduced a ‘reasonable practicability ‘ test which require the party wishing to adduce the evidence to make reasonable efforts to bring the witness to court but the court will take into account some factors such as the seriousness of the case and the importance of the information contained in the statement.[61]Moreover , in R v Castillio and Others [62] it was held that it was not reasonably practicable for the witness to attend and important consideration was given to the evidence given by the witness.The prosecution also argue that it falls within the exception of the general rule as the witness Harry moved outside of UK[63] and it was beyond reasonable doubt[64].From the above discussion it is highly likely that the prosecution will be able to adduce the written statement of Harry at the trial. Total Word Count = 3208 Bibliography: Primary sources: Text Book: Dennis .I.H , The Law of Evidence ,3rd Edition ,Sweet Maxwell 2007 Durston . G , Evidence Text Materials , 2nd Edition , Oxford University Press2011 Allen , C , Practical Guide to Evidence , 4th Edition, Routledge . Cavendish 2008 Choo , A.L-T , Evidence , 3rd Edition , Oxford University Press Spencer,J.R and Flin,R ,The Evidence of Children : The Law and the Psychology (2nd edition, Blackstone , London 2003) H.Phil , Blackstone’s Statutes on Evidence ,12th Edition 2012 Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witness , including children (â€Å"The Memorandum 2002) Spencer,J.R. and Flin , R , The Evidence of Children : The Law and the Psychology (2nd edition), Blackstone , London 2003 Emson, R. Evidence. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) fifth edition Munday, R. Evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011) sixth edition Roberts, P. and A. Zuckerman Criminal evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) second edition Tapper, C. Cross Tapper on evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) twelfth edition Statute: Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 ( YJCEA) Criminal Justice Act 2003 European Convention of Human Rights the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 Code D of PACE 1984 Journals : The Law Commission report (2002) Ho, H.L. ‘Similar facts in civil cases’ (2006) 26 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 131. Munday, R. ‘Case management, similar fact evidence in civil cases, and a divided law of evidence’ (2006) 10 International Journal of Evidence and Proof 81–103. Munday, R. ‘What actually constitutes evidence of â€Å"bad character’’’ Munday, R. ‘Single act propensity’ (2010) 74 The Journal of Criminal Law 127(reviews cases where the Crown has sought to adduce only single acts of misconduct, in order to ascertain how expansively or restrictively the courts interpret the bad character provisions). Redmayne, M. ‘Criminal evidence: The relevance of bad character’ (2002) 61 CLJ 684–714. Code of Practice for the Identification of Persons by Police Officers (Code D) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). Devlin Report: ‘Evidence of identification in criminal cases’ (1976) Roberts, A. ‘Eyewitness identification evidence: procedural developments and the ends of adjudicative accuracy’ (2008) 6(2) International Commentary on Evidence. Ormerod, D. and D. Birch ‘The evolution of exclusionary discretion’ (2004) Crim LR 767. Article: The Law Commission (EVIDENCE OF BAD CHARACTER IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS Report on a reference under section 3(1)(e) of the Law Commissions Act 1965 ) EVIDENCE LAW CHARACTER AND CREDIBILITY (February 1997 Wellington, New Zealand ) Bird.J , Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review (2014) Birch.D , ‘ A Better Deal for Vulnerable Witnesses?’[2000] Crim L.R 223 Creighton,P.’Spouse Competence and Compellability’[1990] Crim LR 34 Hoyano,L.C.H,’Striking a Balance between the Rights of Defendants and Vulnerable Witnesses : Will Special Measures Direction Contravene Guarantees of a Fair Trial?’ Hoyano,L.C.H,’Coroners and Justice Act 2009 :Special Measures Directions Take 2 : Entrenching Unequal Access to Justice’[2010] Crim LR 345 Durston,G ,’Bad Character Evidence and Non party Witnesses under the Criminal Justice Act 2003’ (2004) 8 E P 233 Goudkamp.J ,’Bad Character Evidence and Reprehensible Behaviour’ (2008) E P 116 Law Commission Consultation Paper ,’Evidence in Criminal Proceedings : Previous Misconduct of a Defendant’(CP 141) (London , 1996) Law Commission Report No 273 (Cm 5257),’Evidence of Bad Character in Criminal Proceedings’ (London , 2001) Mirfield,P ,’ Character , Credibility and Untruthfulness’(2008) 124 LQR 1 Spencer,J.R ,Evidence of Bad Character (Hart , London,2010) Byron (1999) The Times, 10 March and Gayle [1999] 2 Cr App R 130 David Ormerod’s commentary in [2011] Crim LR 10, 793–798 Dennis, I. ‘The right to confront witnesses: meanings, myths and human rights’ [2010] Crim LR 4, 255–74. Mirfield, P. ‘Character and credibility’ [2009] Crim LR 3, 135–51 Redmayne, M. ‘Recognising propensity’ [2011] Crim LR 3, 177–98 Munday, R. ‘Single act propensity’ [2010] J Crim L 74(2), 127–44 Law Commission No 245 , 1997 , para 8.39 Roberts, P. and A. Zuckerman, ‘Implied assertions and the logic of hearsay’ Birch, D. ‘Interpreting the New Concept of Hearsay’ (2010) CLJ 72. Common Laws: R v Hayes [1977] 1 WLR 234 R v MacPherson [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 R v Sed[2004] EWCA Crim 1294 R v D [2002] 2 Cr App R 36 R v K [2006] EWCA Crim 472 R v Powell [2006] EWCA Crim 3 R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green Youth Court [2003] EWHC Admin 22 R v Gorja (Ranjit) [2010] EWCA Crim 1939 R v Forbes [2001] 1 All ER 686 Turnbull [1977] QB 224 Shand v The Queen [1996] 1 WLR 69, 72 R v Nicholson [2000] 1 Cr App R 182 Thornton [1995] 1 Cr App R 578 and Slater [1995] 1 Cr App R 584 R v Oscar [1991] Crim LR 778 Limburne and Bleasdale [1994] Crim LR 118. R v Caldwell [1993] 99 Cr App R 73 R v Hanson [2005] 1 WLR 3169 Tully and Wood (2007) 171 JP 25 R v McDonald[ 2007] EWCA Crim 1194. Isichei [2006] EWCA Crim 1815 R v Aziz [1996] AC 41 R v Vye(1993) 97 Cr App R 134. Teper v R [1952] AC 480 at 486 Myers v DPP [1965] AC1001 R v Castillio and Others [1996] 1 Cr App R 438 R v Bray [1988] 88 Cr App R 354 R v Acton Justices ex p McMullen 1990 92 Cr App R 98 Electronic Sources: www.lexisnexis.co.uk www.westlaw.co.uk www.gov.co.uk www.guardian.co.uk www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/police/operational-policing/pace-codes/pace-code-d-2011 www.officialdocumentsgov.uk/document/hc1011/hc08/0829/0829.pdf 1 [1] Section 56(1) (2) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [2] [1977] 1 WLR 234 [3] [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 [4] Section 53 (3) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [5] R v MacPherson [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 , [2006] 1 Cr App R 30 [6] [2004] EWCA Crim 1294 [7] [2002] 2 Cr App R 36 [8] Paragraph 45 – 46 where there is a danger that a complainant may be incompetent , the judge will usually before the trial have seen a video recording of the complainant’s interview with the police and so will be in some position to make a decision about competence after hearing submissions from prosecution and defence under Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 , section 27 [9] Section 53(1) 0f Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [10] Section 23 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 and R v Brown [2004] EWCA Crim 1620 [11] Section 24 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [12] Section 27 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [13]Section 25 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [14] Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witness , including children (â€Å"The Memorandum 2002) and it is also available in www.cps.gov.uk [15] Rv K [2006] EWCA Crim 472 , R v Powell [2006] EWCA Crim 3 [16] Section 16 ( 1 ) ( b) of YJCEA 1999 states that if the court considers that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of any circumstances falling within subsection ( 2 ) like section 16 ( 2 ) ( a ) states that the witness suffers from mental disorder within the meaning of Mental Health Act 1983 . [17] [2003] EWHC Admin 22 [18] Article 6 (3) ( a ) of ECHR states that everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: (a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him; [19] Section 21 (1) ( a) of YJCEA 1999 states that a witness in criminal proceedings is a ‘child witness’ if he is an eligible witness by reason of section 16 ( 1 ) ( a) of YJCEA states that whether or not he is an eligible witness by reason of any other provision of section 16 or 17 of YJCEA [20] R v Camberwell Green Youth Court [2005] 1 WLR 393 [21] R v Powell [ 2006] 1 Cr App R 31 [22]Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors such as (a) the child’s age and maturity , (b) the child’s ability to understand the consequence of giving evidence in a different way , (c) the relationship between the witness and the accused , (d) the child’s social and cultural background and ethnic origins and (e) the nature and alleged cir

Essays --

International business it is combination business across national boundaries which has different region of export, licensing, franchise and foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI is an investment to acquire international business ventures and it’s also requiring a lot of commitment in term of sources that could bring socio economic growth to that country. Furthermore, FDI flows facilitate the acquirement of intangible assets and valuable tangible, in which FDI brings a positive value toward assets transfer, improve productivity and merchandise quality. This entry could bring positive factor to economic growth when the basic factors are been fulfilled such as competent human resource exists. In the recent studies shows that FDI inflow and economic growth has a positive correlation in shorter view. In to that extent, the acknowledgement of the FDI could influence several of channel such capital and overcome liquidity and have even largest channel in long term view however it can’t be undetermined if it’s will have positive correlation for long term situation. The intervention of Multi-National Corporation (MNCs) will be great sources for foreign direct investment which could predict the increases of the FDI flows in future. The Combination MNCs and FDI channels in the market could lead in accumulated sources and just MNCs itself enough could give high impact on operational structural to the country. The positive impacts cause for the both combination it is capital accumulation, balance of payment, international network, human capital, financial system boost and supply technology, knowledge and capital. On part capital accumulation, when the host country has the low saving rate but it will sufficient for them as long that it investment... ...atistical Institute on electronic data distribution system of the central bank of the republic of turkey. The resulted from the studies shows the Granger causality analysis state there is no causal relation between an increase in FDI and increase in the GDP in the short run. Accord to the OLS result there is possible result FDI inflow have positive impact to GDP growth. But the positive effect was shown aren’t has no significance to its. Further on, FDI in Turkey does not lead any growth in the GDP volume. FDI enter as privatization processes not as a substantial source of economic growth. Beside that there is also no correlation between FDI and GDP neither in short run or in long run. Moreover, this aim cannot achievable as with the old dated application and also Turkey hasn’t able to gains any positive inflows from the FDI to its economical potential and growth.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs within Lord of the Flies Essay

Abraham Maslow formulated a theory of a hierarchy of needs, stating that he believed that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied or incomplete needs. In his theory there are five levels of certain needs in which lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be achieved. The five needs are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs applies to many of the characters in Lord of the Flies, such as Piggy, Ralph, and Jack, and shows how they are affected when their needs are unsatisfied. The lowest and basic need of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is physiological needs, which are the necessity of air, water, food, sleep, and shelter. Throughout the novel, the majority of the boys acquired all of their physiological needs. There were three shelters built of tree branches, logs, and leaves. The boys slept in the shelters at night for warmth and a sense of home. Many of the younger boys munched on the fruits they picked in the jungle and everyone ate roasted pig which Jack and his hunters slaughtered periodically. The boys also filled up coconut shells with water and placed them under trees and in the shade of the jungle to be chilled and drank when necessary. Since the boys alleviated their physiological needs, they were able to think about other needs, such as safety. The second need of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is the necessity for safety, which is protection and maintaining wellbeing while creating stability in a chaotic world. One of Ralph’s first instincts was to maintain safety by searching and exploring the island with Jack and Simon for anything or anyone who could possibly pose a threat to their wellbeing while inhabiting the island. Also, Piggy and Ralph find a conch in the water on the island. The conch was blown as a signal to let the other lost boys know where they were, which refers to Maslow’s need of safety because this would not have been done if the kids did not feel safe. If Ralph and Piggy felt that they were safe and protected, they would have kept quiet and to themselves and they would not have been found. Another way the boys gained the need of safety is by building the huts on the beach as a form of protection which acted like a  house, and definitely made the younger and more immature boys feel much more secure. Even though many jobs were completed to secure the boys safety, many of the little boys still felt unsafe, this resulted in a huge dilemma. One night during an assembly one of the boys told the story about how he saw a beast in the forest. Many of the younger boys are having nightmares about this story, and are watching their backs while in the forests. On page 36, Ralph says, â€Å"But there isn’t a beastie,† repeatedly but his attempts to remove the trepidation and fear within the littluns proved to be futile. Since almost all of the young boys were always afraid of a beast or a monster, their need of safety was never achieved, they were unable to reach other needs higher on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, so their lives on the island were incomplete, and they all lived in fear and anxiety. The third necessity of Maslow’s theory is the need of love and belongingness, or the acceptance of others and the need to be needed. Due to Piggy’s past of being ridiculed and mocked in his old school, his first impulse was to try and make friends and be accepted early on in the novel. As soon as Piggy ran into Ralph he asked him his name and tried to become friends with him. Ralph says to Piggy, â€Å"Get my clothes,† on page 14, which shows that Piggy is willing to be a servant to make a friend or acquaintance. It seems that Piggy had already fulfilled the first two needs, and now he wants to fit in with Ralph. Another example is when Ralph blew the conch all of the other kids came and they had a meeting. â€Å"Signs of life were now visible on the beach. The sand, trembling beneath the heat haze, concealed many figures in its miles of length; boys were making their way toward the platform through the hot, dumb sand.† (18) All of the boys came to the meeting and participated in the meeting, which showed that they all wanted to belong. If they did not want to belong, they would have stayed off by themselves or not have joined in on the meeting. All of the main characters achieved this need, although Jack was unhappy with his role in the group and was trying to find ways of gaining more respect throughout the novel. The fourth need of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is esteem, which is the mastery of a task and also receiving attention and recognition from others, or the need for power. A prime example of this need being fulfilled is when  Jack forms his own tribe and made him self the leader not only because he was power hungry, but because he could not stand the fact the Ralph was chosen chief and was getting all the attention. Jack also found something that he was skilled at. His skill was hunting. Jack used his skill and found it valuable to win over the other kids on the island to assemble a new group and make him the leader of it. After some time and much conflict Jack had every person on the island under his command or killed them. The only exception to this was Ralph who scarcely evaded a similar fate. Piggy never achieves the goal of esteem because he is not appreciated for his intellect and wisdom which he offers the boys in times of need. Since Piggy never exceeded this need, his personality suffered and he has a very weak personality, and was easily bullied and pushed around. Simon, another main character, never achieved the need of esteem. Many of the boys thought Simon was unusual and secretive, and he is constantly ridiculed quietly, usually behind his back. For example, on page 74, â€Å"Ralph stirred uneasily. Simon sitting between the two twins and Piggy, wiped his mouth and shoved his piece of meat over the rocks to Piggy, who grabbed it. The twins giggled and Simon lowered his head in shame.† This passage shows that even when Simon was doing good deeds he was not congratulated and did not receive recognition for many of his unselfish actions. Neither Simon nor Piggy ever achieved the need for esteem, and coincidentally, they were also outcasts and were the only t wo boys murdered on the island. The fifth and final need is the need for self-actualization, which is, â€Å"the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that is capable of becoming.† Self-actualization did not directly occur within the boys on the island, but Ralph seemed to become very close. â€Å"Ralph looked at him dumbly. For a moment he had a fleeting picture of the strange glamour that had once invested the beaches. But the island was scorched up like dead wood-Simon was dead-and Jack had†¦. The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage if the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, unwiped nose,  Ralph wept fir the end of innocence, the darkness of a man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called piggy.† (202) This significant passage shows Ralph breaking down and showing his true emotions and what he feels inside. Ralph realizes he had the power to make the boys stay on the island a much less violent and much more enjoyable, but he did not use his power correctly and he was overturned, which lead to the death of two innocent children. This is a type of self-actualization because Ralph realized what he could have been, said, and done. Ralph realized that he did not fulfill his unique potential and could have been all he could be on the island but did not take advantage of this opportunity. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs best demonstrates what occurred on the island in Lord of the Flies. It also proves why many of the acted the way they did. In Lord of the Flies, chaos and violence was extremely relevant within the group of boys not only because of differing values and conflicting views, but also because many of the boys needs were being neglected during there stay on the island.

How to being a successful student Essay

We all experience some sort of education during our lifetime, whether we succeed or fail depends completely on ourselves. To be a successful student there are a few guidelines you should follow. Attend all classes wherever possible, manage your time efficiently and put drive and effort behind your learning. Following these three guidelines will help to ensure a successful and fruitful educational career. The first step to being a successful student is attendance. Regardless of the teaching format, whether it is boring or simply impossible, attending class is a key to success. Even if all of your readings are complete and you feel comfortable with the information attend class and listen to the material as it is discussed in class. Make note of the teacher’s point of view and the topics that are covered in more detail, chances are you will see them again on a test or exam. Take notes on pertinent information and on subject matter that you do not quite understand and need to clarify. Attending class will ensure that you familiarize yourself with the knowledge you gain and that that knowledge will be easily recalled when most needed. The next step to being a successful student is time management. Organize your time between school, work and your social life very carefully. To be an efficient student you must balance your free time be sure to plan a loose schedule that you can keep day in and day out. Designate a certain number of hours to studying, reviewing and homework and try to keep the hours as consistent as possible. Do not study for extended periods of time; try studying for shorter intervals more often instead of studying for hours on end. You will find that your attention span stays focused and studying goes by much faster.